![]() Suicide attempt rates have been significantly more frequent among females, even though death by suicide has occurred more commonly in men. 12,13 The probability of mixed symptoms in females increases consistently with the severity of hypomania but decreases at the most severe levels of hypomania. Indeed, some other characteristics may help clinicians in the successful recognition of BD in women, including lifetime rapid cycling 10,11 and mixed hypomania. 9 On this basis, the identification of BD in women may be more challenging, leading to a higher rate of misdiagnosis of major depressive disorder. Women more often report depression and large fluctuations in mood as well as more frequent mood oscillations across the menstrual cycle. 5 In addition, being female is more frequently related to depressive recurrences, depressive predominant polarity, and higher lifetime prevalence of psychotic depression. 6 Men more often have a first manic episode, whereas women seem more likely to face a depressive one. 5Īlthough age at first mood episode does not apparently differ between women and men, men more commonly experience a first manic episode during childhood. ![]() Furthermore, hypomania, and consequently BD II subtype, are more frequently associated with female sex. Nonetheless, recent studies suggest an increased frequency of BD diagnosis among women, for both BD I and BD II.
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